Extract the effective linker during the computation of implicit artifacts
delivered by the compiler to the linker.
Define various variables describing the linker:
* CMAKE_<LANG>_COMPILER_LINKER
* CMAKE_<LANG>_COMPILER_LINKER_VERSION
* CMAKE_<LANG>_COMPILER_LINKER_ID
* CMAKE_<LANG>_COMPILER_LINKER_FRONTEND_VARIANT
This is complementary to feature introduced by commit 96a953b1ed
(Add options to specify linker tool, 2023-09-27).
Fixes: #17596, #18209, #25344
Offer the capability, through variable `CMAKE_LINKER_TYPE`, as well as
the target property `LINKER_TYPE` to specify which linker must be used.
The implementation of this capability is specified by variables specific
to the language and linker type: `CMAKE_<LANG>_USING_LINKER_<TYPE>`.
Some definitions are provided as part of `CMake`.
For example, to select the `LLVM` linker rather than the standard one,
the type `LLD` should be specified through the variable `CMAKE_LINKER_TYPE`.
And, on `Apple`, `Linux` and some environments on `Windows`, the variable
`CMAKE_<LANG>_USING_LINKER_LLD` has value `-fuse-ld=lld`. And for `Windows`
environments based on `MSVC`, where the linker is used directly, the tool
`lld-link.exe` will be used rather than `link.exe`.
Fixes: #19174, #24254, #24990
