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KPL/PCK
P_constants (PcK) SPICE kernel file
===========================================================================
By: Nat Bachman (NAIF) 2011 October 21
Purpose
--------------------------------------------------------
This file makes available for use in SPICE-based application
software orientation and size/shape data for natural bodies. The
principal source of the data is a published report by the IAU
Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements
[1].
Orientation and size/shape data not provided by this file may be
available in mission-specific PCK files. Such PCKs may be the
preferred data source for mission-related applications.
Mission-specific PCKs can be found in PDS archives or on the NAIF
web site at URL:
http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/data
File Organization
--------------------------------------------------------
The contents of this file are as follows.
Introductory Information:
-- Purpose
-- File Organization
-- Version description
-- Disclaimer
-- Sources
-- Explanatory notes
-- Body numbers and names
PcK Data:
Orientation Data
----------------
-- Orientation constants for the Sun, planets, and
Pluto. Additional items included in this section:
- Earth north geomagnetic centered dipole value
for the epochs 2012
-- Orientation constants for satellites
-- Orientation constants for asteroids
Davida
Eros
Gaspra
Ida
Itokawa
Lutetia
Pallas
Steins
Vesta
-- Orientation constants for comets
19P/Borrelly
9P/Tempel 1
Orientation data provided in this file are used
by the SPICE Toolkit to evaluate the orientation
of body-fixed, body-centered reference frames
with respect to the ICRF frame ("J2000" in
SPICE documentation). These body-fixed frames
have names of the form
IAU_<body name>
for example
IAU_JUPITER
See the PCK Required Reading file pck.req for details.
Radii of Bodies
---------------
-- Radii of Sun, planets, and Pluto
-- Radii of satellites, where available
-- Radii of asteroids
Ceres
Davida
Eros
Gaspra
Ida
Itokawa
Lutetia
Mathilde
Steins
Toutatis
Vesta
-- Radii of comets
19P/Borrelly
81P/Wild 2
9P/Tempel 1
Halley
Version Description
--------------------------------------------------------
This file was created on October 21, 2011 at NASA's Navigation and
Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF), located at the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA.
The previous version of the file was
pck00009.tpc
That file was published March 3 2010.
This version incorporates data from reference [1]. This file
contains size, shape, and orientation data for all objects covered
by the previous version of the file.
New objects covered by this file but not the previous
version are:
Anthe
Daphnis
Davida
Lutetia
Methone
Pallas
Pallene
Polydeuces
Steins
Disclaimer
--------------------------------------------------------
Applicability of Data
This P_constants file may not contain the parameter values that
you prefer. NAIF suggests that you inspect this file visually
before proceeding with any critical or extended data processing.
File Modifications by Users
Note that this file may be readily modified by you to change
values or add/delete parameters. NAIF requests that you update the
"by line," date, version description section, and file name
if you modify this file.
A user-modified file should be thoroughly tested before
being published or otherwise distributed.
P_constants files must conform to the standards described
in the two SPICE technical reference documents:
PCK Required Reading
Kernel Required Reading
Known Limitations and Caveats
Accuracy
--------
In general, the orientation models given here are claimed by the
IAU Working Group Report [1] to be accurate to 0.1 degree
([1], p.158). However, NAIF notes that orientation models for
natural satellites and asteroids have in some cases changed
substantially with the availability of new observational data, so
users are urged to investigate the suitability for their
applications of the models presented here.
Earth orientation
-----------------
NAIF strongly cautions against using the earth rotation model
(from [1]), corresponding to the SPICE reference frame name
IAU_EARTH, for work demanding high accuracy. This model has been
determined by NAIF to have an error in the prime meridian location
of magnitude at least 150 arcseconds, with a local minimum
occurring during the year 1999. Regarding availability of better
earth orientation data for use with the SPICE system:
Earth orientation data are available from NAIF in the form of
binary earth PCK files. These files provide orientation data
for the ITRF93 (terrestrial) reference frame relative to the
ICRF.
NAIF employs an automated process to create these files; each
time JPL's Tracking Systems and Applications Section produces a
new earth orientation parameter (EOP) file, a new PCK is
produced. These PCKs cover a roughly 10 year time span starting
at Jan. 1, 2000. In these PCK files, the following effects are
accounted for in modeling the earth's rotation:
- Precession: 1976 IAU model
- Nutation: 1980 IAU model, plus interpolated
EOP nutation corrections
- Polar motion: interpolated from EOP file
- True sidereal time:
UT1 - UT1R (if needed): given by analytic formula
+ TAI - UT1 (or UT1R): interpolated from EOP file
+ UT1 - GMST: given by analytic formula
+ equation of equinoxes: given by analytic formula
where
TAI = International Atomic Time
UT1 = Greenwich hour angle of computed mean sun - 12h
UT1R = Regularized UT1
GMST = Greenwich mean sidereal time
These kernels are available from the NAIF web site
http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov
(follow the links to Data, generic_kernels, and PCK data) or
ftp://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck
or via anonymous ftp from the server
naif.jpl.nasa.gov
The kernels are in the path
pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck
At this time, these kernels have file names of the form
earth_000101_yymmdd_yymmdd.bpc
The first date in the file name, meaning 2000 January 1, is the
file's coverage begin time. The second and third dates are,
respectively, the file's coverage end time and the epoch of the
last datum.
These binary PCK files are very accurate (error < 0.1
microradian) for epochs preceding the epoch of the last datum.
For later epochs, the error rises to several microradians.
Binary PCK files giving accurate earth orientation from 1972 to
2007 and *low accuracy* predicted earth orientation from
2007 to 2037 are also available in the same location. See the
aareadme.txt file at the "pck" URL above for details.
Characteristics and names of the binary kernels described here
are subject to change. See the "pck" URL above for information
on current binary earth PCKs.
Lunar orientation
-----------------
The lunar orientation formula provided by this file is a
trigonometric polynomial approximation yielding the orientation of
the lunar "Mean Earth/Polar Axis" (ME) reference frame. The
SPICE reference frame name corresponding to this model is
IAU_MOON.
A more accurate approximation can be obtained by using both the
NAIF lunar frame kernel and the binary lunar orientation PCK file.
These files provide orientation data for the both the Mean
Earth/Polar Axis frame, which has the SPICE name MOON_ME, and the
Lunar Principal Axes frame, which has the SPICE name MOON_PA.
These files are available on the NAIF web site (see URLs above)
and in the NAIF server's ftp area. The lunar frame kernel is
located in the path
pub/naif/generic_kernels/fk/satellites
and has a name of the form
moon_yymmdd.tf
The binary lunar PCK is in the path
pub/naif/generic_kernels/pck
and has a name of the form
moon_pa_dennn_yyyy-yyyy.bpc
See the "aareadme.txt" files in the paths shown above for details
on file contents and versions. We also suggest you refer to the
SPICE tutorial named "lunar_earth_pck-fk," which is available from
the NAIF web site.
Earth geomagnetic dipole
------------------------
The SPICE Toolkit doesn't currently contain software to model the
earth's north geomagnetic centered dipole as a function of time.
As a convenience for users, the north dipole location from the
epoch 2012.0 was selected as a representative datum, and the
planetocentric longitude and latitude of this location have been
associated with the keywords
BODY399_N_GEOMAG_CTR_DIPOLE_LON
BODY399_N_GEOMAG_CTR_DIPOLE_LAT
Values for the earth's north geomagnetic centered dipole are
presented in comments as a discrete time series for the time range
1945-2000. For details concerning the geomagnetic field model from
which these values were derived, including a discussion of the
model's accuracy, see [9] and [11].
Prime meridian offsets
----------------------
Prime meridian offset kernel variables, which have names
of the form
BODYnnn_LONG_AXIS
are not used by SPICE geometry software. These variables should be
considered deprecated; however, they will be retained for
backwards compatibility.
Users wishing to specify an offset reflecting the orientation of a
reference ellipsoid relative to a body-fixed reference frame
specified here should do so by creating a constant-offset frame
(also called a "TK" frame) specification. See the Frames Required
Reading frames.req for details.
The Mars prime meridian offset given by [5] is provided for
informational purposes only.
Software limitations
--------------------
SPICE Toolkits prior to version N0057 cannot make use of
trigonometric polynomial terms in the formulas for orientation of
the planets.
The second nutation precession angle (M2) for Mars is represented
by a quadratic polynomial in the 2006 IAU report. The SPICELIB
subroutine BODEUL can not handle this term (which is extremely
small), so we truncate the polynomial to a linear one. The
resulting orientation error has a maximum magnitude of less
than 0.0032 degrees over the time span 1996-2015 and less than
0.0082 degrees over the time span 1986-2025.
Sources and References
--------------------------------------------------------
The sources for the constants listed in this file are:
[1] Archinal, B.A., A'Hearn, M.F., Bowell, E., Conrad, A.,
Consolmagno, G.J., Courtin, R., Fukushima, T.,
Hestroffer, D., Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A.,
Neumann, G., Oberst, J., Seidelmann, P.K., Stooke, P.,
Tholen, D.J., Thomas, P.C., and Williams, I.P.
"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates
and Rotational Elements: 2009."
[2] Archinal, B.A., A'Hearn, M.F., Conrad, A.,
Consolmagno, G.J., Courtin, R., Fukushima, T.,
Hestroffer, D., Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A.,
Neumann, G., Oberst, J., Seidelmann, P.K., Stooke, P.,
Tholen, D.J., Thomas, P.C., and Williams, I.P.
"Erratum to: Reports of the IAU Working Group on
Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2006 &
2009."
[3] Seidelmann, P.K., Archinal, B.A., A'Hearn, M.F.,
Conrad, A., Consolmagno, G.J., Hestroffer, D.,
Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A., Neumann, G.,
Oberst, J., Stooke, P., Tedesco, E.F., Tholen, D.J.,
and Thomas, P.C. "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group
on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006."
[4] Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory
and H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory (2010). "The Astronomical Almanac for
the Year 2010," U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C.: and The Stationary Office, London.
[5] Duxbury, Thomas C. (2001). "IAU/IAG 2000 Mars Cartographic
Conventions," presentation to the Mars Express Data
Archive Working Group, Dec. 14, 2001.
[6] Russell, C.T. and Luhmann, J.G. (1990). "Earth: Magnetic
Field and Magnetosphere." <http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.
edu/personnel/russell/papers/earth_mag>. Originally
published in "Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences," J.H.
Shirley and R.W. Fainbridge, eds. Chapman and Hall,
New York, pp 208-211.
[7] Russell, C.T. (1971). "Geophysical Coordinate
Transformations," Cosmic Electrodynamics 2 184-186.
NAIF document 181.0.
[8] ESA/ESTEC Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS)
(2003). Web page: "Dipole approximations of the
geomagnetic field." <http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/
help/background/magfield/cd.html>.
[9] International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
and International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (2004).
Web page: "The 9th Generation International Geomagnetic
Reference Field." <http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
IAGA/vmod/igrf.html>.
[10] Davies, M.E., Abalakin, V.K., Bursa, M., Hunt, G.E.,
and Lieske, J.H. (1989). "Report of the IAU/IAG/COSPAR
Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational
Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 1988," Celestial
Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, v.46, no.2, pp.
187-204.
[11] International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
Web page: "International Geomagnetic Reference Field."
Discussion URL:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vmod/igrf.html
Coefficients URL:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vmod/igrf11coeffs.txt
Most values are from [1]. All exceptions are
commented where they occur in this file. The exceptions are:
-- Radii for the Sun are from [4].
-- Prime meridian constant (W0) terms for Pluto, Charon,
and Ida are from [2].
-- The second nutation precession angle (M2) for Mars is
represented by a quadratic polynomial in the 2000
IAU report. The SPICELIB subroutine BODEUL can not
handle this term (which is extremely small), so we
truncate the polynomial to a linear one.
-- Earth north geomagnetic centered dipole values are from
[11]. The values were also computed from the 11th
generation IGRF by Nat Bachman.
"Old values" listed are from the SPICE P_constants file
pck00009.tpc dated March 3, 2010. Most of these values came
from the 2006 IAU report [3].
Explanatory Notes
--------------------------------------------------------
This file, which is logically part of the SPICE P-kernel, contains
constants used to model the orientation, size and shape of the
Sun, planets, natural satellites, and selected comets and
asteroids. The orientation models express the direction of the
pole and location of the prime meridian of a body as a function of
time. The size/shape models ("shape models" for short) represent
all bodies as ellipsoids, using two equatorial radii and a polar
radius. Spheroids and spheres are obtained when two or all three
radii are equal.
The SPICE Toolkit routines that use this file are documented in
the SPICE "Required Reading" file pck.req. They are also
documented in the "PCK" SPICE tutorial, which is available on
the NAIF web site.
File Format
A terse description of the PCK file format is given here. See the
SPICE "Required Reading" files pck.req and kernel.req for a
detailed explanation of the SPICE text kernel file format. The
files pck.req and kernel.req are included in the documentation
provided with the SPICE Toolkit.
The file starts out with the ``ID word'' string
KPL/PCK
This string identifies the file as a text kernel containing PCK
data.
This file consists of a series of comment blocks and data blocks.
Comment blocks, which contain free-form descriptive or explanatory
text, are preceded by a \begintext token. Data blocks follow a
\begindata token. In order to be recognized, each of these tokens
must be placed on a line by itself.
The portion of the file preceding the first data block is treated
as a comment block; it doesn't require an initial \begintext
token.
This file identifies data using a series of
KEYWORD = VALUE
assignments. The left hand side of each assignment is a
"kernel variable" name; the right hand side is an associated value
or list of values. The SPICE subroutine API allows SPICE routines
and user applications to retrieve the set of values associated
with each kernel variable name.
Kernel variable names are case-sensitive and are limited to
32 characters in length.
Numeric values may be integer or floating point. String values
are normally limited to 80 characters in length; however, SPICE
provides a mechanism for identifying longer, "continued" strings.
See the SPICE routine STPOOL for details.
String values are single quoted.
When the right hand side of an assignment is a list of values,
the list items may be separated by commas or simply by blanks.
The list must be bracketed by parentheses. Example:
BODY399_RADII = ( 6378.1366 6378.1366 6356.7519 )
Any blanks preceding or following keyword names, values and equal
signs are ignored.
Assignments may be spread over multiple lines, for example:
BODY399_RADII = ( 6378.1366
6378.1366
6356.7519 )
This file may contain blank lines anywhere. Non-printing
characters including TAB should not be present in the file: the
presence of such characters may cause formatting errors when the
file is viewed.
Time systems and reference frames
The 2009 IAU Working Group Report [1] states the time scale used
as the independent variable for the rotation formulas is
Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) and that the epoch of variable
quantities is J2000 TDB (2000 Jan 1 12:00:00 TDB, Julian ephemeris
date 2451545.0 TDB). Throughout SPICE documentation and in this
file, we use the names "J2000 TDB" and "J2000" for this epoch. The
name "J2000.0" is equivalent.
SPICE documentation refers to the time system used in this file
as either "ET" or "TDB." SPICE software makes no distinction
between TDB and the time system associated with the independent
variable of the JPL planetary ephemerides T_eph.
The inertial reference frame used for the rotational elements in
this file is identified by [1] as the ICRF (International
Celestial Reference Frame).
The SPICE PCK software that reads this file uses the label "J2000"
to refer to the ICRF; this is actually a mislabeling which has
been retained in the interest of backward compatibility. Using
data from this file, by means of calls to the SPICE frame
transformation routines, will actually compute orientation
relative to the ICRF.
The difference between the J2000 frame and the ICRF is
on the order of tens of milliarcseconds and is well below the
accuracy level of the formulas in this file.
Orientation models
All of the orientation models use three Euler angles to describe
the orientation of the coordinate axes of the "Body Equator and
Prime Meridian" system with respect to an inertial system. By
default, the inertial system is the ICRF (labeled as "J2000"), but
other inertial frames can be specified in the file. See the PCK
Required Reading for details.
The first two angles, in order, are the ICRF right ascension and
declination (henceforth RA and DEC) of the north pole of a body as
a function of time. The third angle is the prime meridian location
(represented by "W"), which is expressed as a rotation about the
north pole, and is also a function of time.
For each body, the expressions for the north pole's right
ascension and declination, as well as prime meridian location, are
sums (as far as the models that appear in this file are concerned)
of quadratic polynomials and trigonometric polynomials, where the
independent variable is time.
In this file, the time arguments in expressions always refer to
Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB), measured in centuries or days
past a reference epoch. By default, the reference epoch is the
J2000 epoch, which is Julian ephemeris date 2451545.0 (2000 Jan 1
12:00:00 TDB), but other epochs can be specified in the file. See
the PCK Required Reading for details.
Orientation models for satellites and some planets (including
Jupiter) involve both polynomial terms and trigonometric terms.
The arguments of the trigonometric terms are linear polynomials.
In this file, we call the arguments of these trigonometric terms
"nutation precession angles."
Example: 2009 IAU Model for orientation of Jupiter. Note that
these values are used as an example only; see the data area below
for current values.
Right ascension
---------------
alpha = 268.056595 - 0.006499 T + 0.000117 sin(Ja)
0 + 0.000938 sin(Jb) + 0.001432 sin(Jc)
+ 0.000030 sin(Jd) + 0.002150 sin(Je)
Declination
-----------
delta = 64.495303 + 0.002413 T + 0.000050 cos(Ja)
0 + 0.000404 cos(Jb) + 0.000617 cos(Jc)
- 0.000013 cos(Jd) + 0.000926 cos(Je)
Prime meridian
--------------
W = 284.95 + 870.5366420 d
Here
T represents centuries past J2000 ( TDB ),
d represents days past J2000 ( TDB ).
Ja-Je are nutation precession angles.
In this file, the polynomials' coefficients above are assigned
to kernel variable names (left-hand-side symbols) as follows
BODY599_POLE_RA = ( 268.056595 -0.006499 0. )
BODY599_POLE_DEC = ( 64.495303 0.002413 0. )
BODY599_PM = ( 284.95 870.5360000 0. )
and the trigonometric polynomials' coefficients are assigned
as follows
BODY599_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.000117
0.000938
0.001432
0.000030
0.002150 )
BODY599_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.000050
0.000404
0.000617
-0.000013
0.000926 )
BODY599_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 )
Note the number "599"; this is the NAIF ID code for Jupiter.
In this file, the polynomial expressions for the nutation
precession angles are listed along with the planet's RA, DEC, and
prime meridian terms. Below are the 2006 IAU nutation precession
angles for the Jupiter system.
J1 = 73.32 + 91472.9 T
J2 = 24.62 + 45137.2 T
J3 = 283.90 + 4850.7 T
J4 = 355.80 + 1191.3 T
J5 = 119.90 + 262.1 T
J6 = 229.80 + 64.3 T
J7 = 352.25 + 2382.6 T
J8 = 113.35 + 6070.0 T
J9 = 146.64 + 182945.8 T
J10 = 49.24 + 90274.4 T
Ja = 99.360714 + 4850.4046 T
Jb = 175.895369 + 1191.9605 T
Jc = 300.323162 + 262.5475 T
Jd = 114.012305 + 6070.2476 T
Je = 49.511251 + 64.3000 T
Here
T represents centuries past J2000 ( TDB )
J1-J10 and Ja-Je are the nutation precession angles. The angles
J9 and J10 are equal to 2*J1 and 2*J2, respectively.
Angles J9 and J10 are not present in [1]; they have been added
to fit the terms 2*J1 and 2*J2, which appear in the orientation
models of several satellites, into a form that can be accepted
by the PCK system.
The assignment of the nutation precession angles for the
Jupiter system is as follows:
BODY5_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 73.32 91472.9
24.62 45137.2
283.90 4850.7
355.80 1191.3
119.90 262.1
229.80 64.3
352.25 2382.6
113.35 6070.0
146.64 182945.8
49.24 90274.4
99.360714 4850.4046
175.895369 1191.9605
300.323162 262.5475
114.012305 6070.2476
49.511251 64.3000 )
You'll see an additional symbol grouped with the ones listed
above; it is
BODY599_LONG_AXIS
This is a deprecated feature; see the note on "Prime meridian
offsets" under "Known Limitations and Caveats" above.
The pattern of the formulas for satellite orientation is similar
to that for Jupiter. Example: 2006 IAU values for Io. Again, these
values are used as an example only; see the data area below for
current values.
Right ascension
---------------
alpha = 268.05 - 0.009 T + 0.094 sin(J3) + 0.024 sin(J4)
0
Declination
-----------
delta = 64.50 + 0.003 T + 0.040 cos(J3) + 0.011 cos(J4)
0
Prime meridian
--------------
W = 200.39 + 203.4889538 d - 0.085 sin(J3) - 0.022 sin(J4)
d represents days past J2000.
J3 and J4 are nutation precession angles.
The polynomial terms are assigned to symbols by the statements
BODY501_POLE_RA = ( 268.05 -0.009 0. )
BODY501_POLE_DEC = ( 64.50 0.003 0. )
BODY501_PM = ( 200.39 203.4889538 0. )
The coefficients of the trigonometric terms are assigned to symbols by
the statements
BODY501_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0.094 0.024 )
BODY501_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0.040 0.011 )
BODY501_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. -0.085 -0.022 )
501 is the NAIF ID code for Io.
SPICE software expects the models for satellite orientation to
follow the form of the model shown here: the polynomial portions of the
RA, DEC, and W expressions are expected to be quadratic, the
trigonometric terms for RA and W (satellite prime meridian) are expected
to be linear combinations of sines of nutation precession angles, the
trigonometric terms for DEC are expected to be linear combinations of
cosines of nutation precession angles, and the polynomials for the
nutation precession angles themselves are expected to be linear.
Eventually, the software will handle more complex expressions, we
expect.
Shape models
There is only one kind of shape model supported by the SPICE
Toolkit software at present: the triaxial ellipsoid. The 2009 IAU
report [1] does not use any other models, except in the case of
Mars, where separate values are given for the north and south
polar radii. In this file, we provide as a datum the mean Mars
polar radius provided by [1]. The North and South values are
included as comments.
For each body, three radii are listed: The first number is
the largest equatorial radius (the length of the semi-axis
containing the prime meridian), the second number is the smaller
equatorial radius, and the third is the polar radius.
Example: Radii of the Earth.
BODY399_RADII = ( 6378.1366 6378.1366 6356.7519 )
Body Numbers and Names
--------------------------------------------------------
The following NAIF body ID codes and body names appear in this
file. See the NAIF IDs Required Reading file naif_ids.req for
a detailed discussion and a complete list of ID codes and names.
1 Mercury barycenter
2 Venus barycenter
3 Earth barycenter
4 Mars barycenter
5 Jupiter barycenter
6 Saturn barycenter
7 Uranus barycenter
8 Neptune barycenter
9 Pluto barycenter
10 Sun
199 Mercury
299 Venus
399 Earth
301 Moon
499 Mars
401 Phobos 402 Deimos
599 Jupiter
501 Io 502 Europa 503 Ganymede 504 Callisto
505 Amalthea 506 Himalia 507 Elara 508 Pasiphae
509 Sinope 510 Lysithea 511 Carme 512 Ananke
513 Leda 514 Thebe 515 Adrastea 516 Metis
699 Saturn
601 Mimas 602 Enceladus 603 Tethys 604 Dione
605 Rhea 606 Titan 607 Hyperion 608 Iapetus
609 Phoebe 610 Janus 611 Epimetheus 612 Helene
613 Telesto 614 Calypso 615 Atlas 616 Prometheus
617 Pandora 618 Pan 632 Methone 633 Pallene
634 Polydeuces 635 Daphnis 649 Anthe
799 Uranus
701 Ariel 702 Umbriel 703 Titania 704 Oberon
705 Miranda 706 Cordelia 707 Ophelia 708 Bianca
709 Cressida 710 Desdemona 711 Juliet 712 Portia
713 Rosalind 714 Belinda 715 Puck
899 Neptune
801 Triton 802 Nereid 803 Naiad 804 Thalassa
805 Despina 806 Galatea 807 Larissa 808 Proteus
999 Pluto
901 Charon
1000005 Comet 19P/Borrelly
1000036 Comet Halley
1000093 Comet 9P/Tempel 1
1000107 Comet 81P/Wild 2
2000001 Asteroid Ceres
2000002 Asteroid Pallas
2000004 Asteroid Vesta
2000021 Asteroid Lutetia
2000216 Asteroid Kleopatra
2000253 Asteroid Mathilde
2000433 Asteroid Eros
2000511 Asteroid Davida
2002867 Asteroid Steins
2004179 Asteroid Toutatis
2025143 Asteroid Itokawa
2431010 Asteroid Ida
9511010 Asteroid Gaspra
Orientation Constants for the Sun and Planets
--------------------------------------------------------
Sun
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY10_POLE_RA = ( 286.13 0. 0. )
BODY10_POLE_DEC = ( 63.87 0. 0. )
BODY10_PM = ( 84.176 14.18440 0. )
BODY10_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Mercury
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body199_pole_ra = ( 281.01 -0.033 0. )
body199_pole_dec = ( 61.45 -0.005 0. )
body199_pm = ( 329.548 6.1385025 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY199_POLE_RA = ( 281.0097 -0.0328 0. )
BODY199_POLE_DEC = ( 61.4143 -0.0049 0. )
BODY199_PM = ( 329.5469 6.1385025 0. )
BODY199_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY199_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY199_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY199_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0.00993822
-0.00104581
-0.00010280
-0.00002364
-0.00000532 )
\begintext
The linear coefficients have been scaled up from degrees/day
to degrees/century, because the SPICELIB PCK reader expects
these units. The original constants were:
174.791086 4.092335
349.582171 8.184670
164.373257 12.277005
339.164343 16.369340
153.955429 20.461675
\begindata
BODY1_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 174.791086 0.14947253587500003E+06
349.582171 0.29894507175000006E+06
164.373257 0.44841760762500006E+06
339.164343 0.59789014350000012E+06
153.955429 0.74736267937499995E+06 )
\begintext
Venus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY299_POLE_RA = ( 272.76 0. 0. )
BODY299_POLE_DEC = ( 67.16 0. 0. )
BODY299_PM = ( 160.20 -1.4813688 0. )
BODY299_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Earth
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY399_POLE_RA = ( 0. -0.641 0. )
BODY399_POLE_DEC = ( 90. -0.557 0. )
BODY399_PM = ( 190.147 360.9856235 0. )
BODY399_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Nutation precession angles for the Earth-Moon system:
The linear coefficients have been scaled up from degrees/day
to degrees/century, because the SPICELIB PCK reader expects
these units. The original constants were:
125.045D0 -0.0529921D0
250.089D0 -0.1059842D0
260.008D0 13.0120009D0
176.625D0 13.3407154D0
357.529D0 0.9856003D0
311.589D0 26.4057084D0
134.963D0 13.0649930D0
276.617D0 0.3287146D0
34.226D0 1.7484877D0
15.134D0 -0.1589763D0
119.743D0 0.0036096D0
239.961D0 0.1643573D0
25.053D0 12.9590088D0
\begindata
BODY3_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 125.045 -1935.5364525000
250.089 -3871.0729050000
260.008 475263.3328725000
176.625 487269.6299850000
357.529 35999.0509575000
311.589 964468.4993100000
134.963 477198.8693250000
276.617 12006.3007650000
34.226 63863.5132425000
15.134 -5806.6093575000
119.743 131.8406400000
239.961 6003.1503825000
25.053 473327.7964200000 )
\begintext
Earth north geomagnetic centered dipole:
The north dipole location is time-varying. The values shown
below, taken from [8], represent a discrete sampling of the
north dipole location from 1945 to 2000. The terms DGRF and
IGRF refer to, respectively, "Definitive Geomagnetic
Reference Field" and "International Geomagnetic Reference
Field." See references [6], [8], and [9] for details.
Coordinates are planetocentric.
Data source Lat Lon
----------- ----- ------
DGRF 1945 78.47 291.47
DGRF 1950 78.47 291.15
DGRF 1955 78.46 290.84
DGRF 1960 78.51 290.53
DGRF 1965 78.53 290.15
DGRF 1970 78.59 289.82
DGRF 1975 78.69 289.53
DGRF 1980 78.81 289.24
DGRF 1985 78.97 289.10
DGRF 1990 79.13 288.89
IGRF 1995 79.30 288.59
IGRF 2000 79.54 288.43
Original values:
Values are from [7]. Note the year of publication was 1971.
body399_mag_north_pole_lon = ( -69.761 )
body399_mag_north_pole_lat = ( 78.565 )
Previous values:
body399_n_geomag_ctr_dipole_lon = ( 288.43 )
body399_n_geomag_ctr_dipole_lat = ( 79.54 )
Current values:
Values are given for the epoch 2012.0 and were derived
by Nat Bachman from constants provided by [11].
\begindata
BODY399_N_GEOMAG_CTR_DIPOLE_LON = ( 287.62 )
BODY399_N_GEOMAG_CTR_DIPOLE_LAT = ( 80.13 )
\begintext
Mars
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY499_POLE_RA = ( 317.68143 -0.1061 0. )
BODY499_POLE_DEC = ( 52.88650 -0.0609 0. )
BODY499_PM = ( 176.630 350.89198226 0. )
\begintext
Source [5] specifies the following value for the lambda_a term
(BODY499_LONG_AXIS ) for Mars. This term is the POSITIVE EAST
LONGITUDE, measured from the prime meridian, of the meridian
containing the longest axis of the reference ellipsoid.
(CAUTION: previous values were POSITIVE WEST.)
body499_long_axis = ( 252. )
We list this lambda_a value for completeness. The IAU report
[1] gives equal values for both equatorial radii, so the
lambda_a offset does not apply to the IAU model.
The 2003 IAU report defines M2, the second nutation precession angle,
by:
2
192.93 + 1128.4096700 d + 8.864 T
We truncate the M2 series to a linear expression, because the PCK
software cannot handle the quadratic term.
Again, the linear terms are scaled by 36525.0:
-0.4357640000000000 --> -15916.28010000000
1128.409670000000 --> 41215163.19675000
-1.8151000000000000E-02 --> -662.9652750000000
We also introduce a fourth nutation precession angle, which
is the pi/2-complement of the third angle. This angle is used
in computing the prime meridian location for Deimos. See the
discussion of this angle below in the section containing orientation
constants for Deimos.
\begindata
BODY4_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 169.51 -15916.2801
192.93 41215163.19675
53.47 -662.965275
36.53 662.965275 )
\begintext
Jupiter
Old values:
The rotation rate is from the 2006 IAU report; all other
values are unchanged in the 2009 report.
body599_pm = ( 284.95 870.5366420 0. )
Current values:
The number of nutation precession angles is 15. The ninth and
tenth are twice the first and second, respectively. The
eleventh through fifteenth correspond to angles JA-JE in
the 2006 IAU report; angles JA-JE were not used prior to that
report.
\begindata
BODY599_POLE_RA = ( 268.056595 -0.006499 0. )
BODY599_POLE_DEC = ( 64.495303 0.002413 0. )
BODY599_PM = ( 284.95 870.5360000 0. )
BODY599_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY599_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.000117
0.000938
0.001432
0.000030
0.002150 )
BODY599_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.000050
0.000404
0.000617
-0.000013
0.000926 )
BODY599_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 )
BODY5_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 73.32 91472.9
24.62 45137.2
283.90 4850.7
355.80 1191.3
119.90 262.1
229.80 64.3
352.25 2382.6
113.35 6070.0
146.64 182945.8
49.24 90274.4
99.360714 4850.4046
175.895369 1191.9605
300.323162 262.5475
114.012305 6070.2476
49.511251 64.3000 )
\begintext
Saturn
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body699_pole_ra = ( 40.589 -0.036 0. )
body699_pole_dec = ( 83.537 -0.004 0. )
body699_pm = ( 38.90 810.7939024 0. )
body699_long_axis = ( 0. )
The first seven angles given here are the angles S1
through S7 from the 2000 report; the eighth and
ninth angles are 2*S1 and 2*S2, respectively.
body6_nut_prec_angles = ( 353.32 75706.7
28.72 75706.7
177.40 -36505.5
300.00 -7225.9
316.45 506.2
345.20 -1016.3
29.80 -52.1
706.64 151413.4
57.44 151413.4 )
Current values:
The change from the previous set of values is the
removal of S7. This causes BODY6_NUT_PREC_ANGLES
elements that formerly corresponded to 2*S1 and 2*S1
to be shifted toward the start of the array.
\begindata
BODY699_POLE_RA = ( 40.589 -0.036 0. )
BODY699_POLE_DEC = ( 83.537 -0.004 0. )
BODY699_PM = ( 38.90 810.7939024 0. )
BODY699_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
The first six angles given here are the angles S1
through S6 from the 2009 report; the seventh and
eigth angles are 2*S1 and 2*S2, respectively.
\begindata
BODY6_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 353.32 75706.7
28.72 75706.7
177.40 -36505.5
300.00 -7225.9
316.45 506.2
345.20 -1016.3
706.64 151413.4
57.44 151413.4 )
\begintext
Uranus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY799_POLE_RA = ( 257.311 0. 0. )
BODY799_POLE_DEC = ( -15.175 0. 0. )
BODY799_PM = ( 203.81 -501.1600928 0. )
BODY799_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
The first 16 angles given here are the angles U1
through U16 from the 2000 report; the 17th and
18th angles are 2*U11 and 2*U12, respectively.
\begindata
BODY7_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 115.75 54991.87
141.69 41887.66
135.03 29927.35
61.77 25733.59
249.32 24471.46
43.86 22278.41
77.66 20289.42
157.36 16652.76
101.81 12872.63
138.64 8061.81
102.23 -2024.22
316.41 2863.96
304.01 -51.94
308.71 -93.17
340.82 -75.32
259.14 -504.81
204.46 -4048.44
632.82 5727.92 )
\begintext
Neptune
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY899_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY899_POLE_DEC = ( 43.46 0. 0. )
BODY899_PM = ( 253.18 536.3128492 0. )
BODY899_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY899_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY899_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY899_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.48 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
The 2000 report defines the nutation precession angles
N, N1, N2, ... , N7
and also uses the multiples of N1 and N7
2*N1
and
2*N7, 3*N7, ..., 9*N7
In this file, we treat the angles and their multiples as
separate angles. In the kernel variable
BODY8_NUT_PREC_ANGLES
the order of the angles is
N, N1, N2, ... , N7, 2*N1, 2*N7, 3*N7, ..., 9*N7
Each angle is defined by a linear polynomial, so two
consecutive array elements are allocated for each
angle. The first term of each pair is the constant term,
the second is the linear term.
\begindata
BODY8_NUT_PREC_ANGLES = ( 357.85 52.316
323.92 62606.6
220.51 55064.2
354.27 46564.5
75.31 26109.4
35.36 14325.4
142.61 2824.6
177.85 52.316
647.840 125213.200
355.700 104.632
533.550 156.948
711.400 209.264
889.250 261.580
1067.100 313.896
1244.950 366.212
1422.800 418.528
1600.650 470.844 )
\begintext
Orientation Constants for the Dwarf Planet Pluto
--------------------------------------------------------
Pluto
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body999_pole_ra = ( 312.993 0. 0. )
body999_pole_dec = ( 6.163 0. 0. )
body999_pm = ( 237.305 -56.3625225 0. )
body999_long_axis = ( 0. )
Current values:
Due to the new definition of planetocentric coordinates
for small bodies, and to the reclassification of Pluto
as a dwarf planet, Pluto's north pole direction has been
inverted.
The PM constant W0 is from [2].
\begindata
BODY999_POLE_RA = ( 132.993 0. 0. )
BODY999_POLE_DEC = ( -6.163 0. 0. )
BODY999_PM = ( 302.695 56.3625225 0. )
BODY999_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Orientation constants for the satellites
--------------------------------------------------------
Satellites of Earth
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
New values:
\begindata
BODY301_POLE_RA = ( 269.9949 0.0031 0. )
BODY301_POLE_DEC = ( 66.5392 0.0130 0. )
BODY301_PM = ( 38.3213 13.17635815 -1.4D-12 )
BODY301_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY301_NUT_PREC_RA = ( -3.8787 -0.1204 0.0700 -0.0172
0.0 0.0072 0.0 0.0
0.0 -0.0052 0.0 0.0
0.0043 )
BODY301_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 1.5419 0.0239 -0.0278 0.0068
0.0 -0.0029 0.0009 0.0
0.0 0.0008 0.0 0.0
-0.0009 )
BODY301_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 3.5610 0.1208 -0.0642 0.0158
0.0252 -0.0066 -0.0047 -0.0046
0.0028 0.0052 0.0040 0.0019
-0.0044 )
\begintext
Satellites of Mars
Phobos
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
The quadratic prime meridian term is scaled by 1/36525**2:
8.864000000000000 ---> 6.6443009930565219E-09
\begindata
BODY401_POLE_RA = ( 317.68 -0.108 0. )
BODY401_POLE_DEC = ( 52.90 -0.061 0. )
BODY401_PM = ( 35.06 1128.8445850 6.6443009930565219E-09 )
BODY401_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY401_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 1.79 0. 0. 0. )
BODY401_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -1.08 0. 0. 0. )
BODY401_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -1.42 -0.78 0. 0. )
\begintext
Deimos
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
New values:
The Deimos prime meridian expression is:
2
W = 79.41 + 285.1618970 d - 0.520 T - 2.58 sin M
3
+ 0.19 cos M .
3
At the present time, the PCK kernel software (the routine
BODEUL in particular) cannot handle the cosine term directly,
but we can represent it as
0.19 sin M
4
where
M = 90.D0 - M
4 3
Therefore, the nutation precession angle assignments for Phobos
and Deimos contain four coefficients rather than three.
The quadratic prime meridian term is scaled by 1/36525**2:
-0.5200000000000000 ---> -3.8978300049519307E-10
\begindata
BODY402_POLE_RA = ( 316.65 -0.108 0. )
BODY402_POLE_DEC = ( 53.52 -0.061 0. )
BODY402_PM = ( 79.41 285.1618970 -3.897830D-10 )
BODY402_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY402_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 2.98 0. )
BODY402_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. -1.78 0. )
BODY402_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. -2.58 0.19 )
\begintext
Satellites of Jupiter
Io
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY501_POLE_RA = ( 268.05 -0.009 0. )
BODY501_POLE_DEC = ( 64.50 0.003 0. )
BODY501_PM = ( 200.39 203.4889538 0. )
BODY501_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY501_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0.094 0.024 )
BODY501_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0.040 0.011 )
BODY501_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. -0.085 -0.022 )
\begintext
Europa
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY502_POLE_RA = ( 268.08 -0.009 0. )
BODY502_POLE_DEC = ( 64.51 0.003 0. )
BODY502_PM = ( 36.022 101.3747235 0. )
BODY502_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY502_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 1.086 0.060 0.015 0.009 )
BODY502_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0.468 0.026 0.007 0.002 )
BODY502_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. -0.980 -0.054 -0.014 -0.008 )
\begintext
Ganymede
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY503_POLE_RA = ( 268.20 -0.009 0. )
BODY503_POLE_DEC = ( 64.57 0.003 0. )
BODY503_PM = ( 44.064 50.3176081 0. )
BODY503_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY503_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. -0.037 0.431 0.091 )
BODY503_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. -0.016 0.186 0.039 )
BODY503_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0.033 -0.389 -0.082 )
\begintext
Callisto
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY504_POLE_RA = ( 268.72 -0.009 0. )
BODY504_POLE_DEC = ( 64.83 0.003 0. )
BODY504_PM = ( 259.51 21.5710715 0. )
BODY504_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY504_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.068 0.590 0. 0.010 )
BODY504_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.029 0.254 0. -0.004 )
BODY504_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.061 -0.533 0. -0.009 )
\begintext
Amalthea
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY505_POLE_RA = ( 268.05 -0.009 0. )
BODY505_POLE_DEC = ( 64.49 0.003 0. )
BODY505_PM = ( 231.67 722.6314560 0. )
BODY505_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY505_NUT_PREC_RA = ( -0.84 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.01 0. )
BODY505_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.36 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY505_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0.76 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.01 0. )
\begintext
Thebe
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY514_POLE_RA = ( 268.05 -0.009 0. )
BODY514_POLE_DEC = ( 64.49 0.003 0. )
BODY514_PM = ( 8.56 533.7004100 0. )
BODY514_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY514_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. -2.11 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.04 )
BODY514_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. -0.91 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.01 )
BODY514_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 1.91 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.04 )
\begintext
Adrastea
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY515_POLE_RA = ( 268.05 -0.009 0. )
BODY515_POLE_DEC = ( 64.49 0.003 0. )
BODY515_PM = ( 33.29 1206.9986602 0. )
BODY515_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Metis
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY516_POLE_RA = ( 268.05 -0.009 0. )
BODY516_POLE_DEC = ( 64.49 0.003 0. )
BODY516_PM = ( 346.09 1221.2547301 0. )
BODY516_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Satellites of Saturn
Mimas
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body601_pole_ra = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
body601_pole_dec = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
body601_pm = ( 337.46 381.9945550 0. )
body601_long_axis = ( 0. )
body601_nut_prec_ra = ( 0. 0. 13.56 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
body601_nut_prec_dec = ( 0. 0. -1.53 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
body601_nut_prec_pm = ( 0. 0. -13.48 0. -44.85 0. 0. 0. 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY601_POLE_RA = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
BODY601_POLE_DEC = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
BODY601_PM = ( 333.46 381.9945550 0. )
BODY601_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY601_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 13.56 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY601_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. -1.53 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY601_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. -13.48 0. -44.85 0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Enceladus
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body602_pole_ra = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
body602_pole_dec = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
body602_pm = ( 2.82 262.7318996 0. )
body602_long_axis = ( 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY602_POLE_RA = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
BODY602_POLE_DEC = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
BODY602_PM = ( 6.32 262.7318996 0. )
BODY602_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Tethys
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body603_pole_ra = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
body603_pole_dec = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
body603_pm = ( 10.45 190.6979085 0. )
body603_long_axis = ( 0. )
body603_nut_prec_ra = ( 0. 0. 0. 9.66 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
body603_nut_prec_dec = ( 0. 0. 0. -1.09 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. )
body603_nut_prec_pm = ( 0. 0. 0. -9.60 2.23 0. 0. 0. 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY603_POLE_RA = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
BODY603_POLE_DEC = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
BODY603_PM = ( 8.95 190.6979085 0. )
BODY603_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY603_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 9.66 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY603_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. -1.09 0. 0. 0. 0. )
BODY603_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. -9.60 2.23 0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Dione
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body604_pole_ra = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
body604_pole_dec = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
body604_pm = ( 357.00 131.5349316 0. )
body604_long_axis = ( 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY604_POLE_RA = ( 40.66 -0.036 0. )
BODY604_POLE_DEC = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
BODY604_PM = ( 357.6 131.5349316 0. )
BODY604_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Rhea
Old values:
Values are from the 2009 IAU report.
body605_pole_ra = ( 40.38 -0.036 0. )
body605_pole_dec = ( 83.55 -0.004 0. )
body605_pm = ( 235.16 79.6900478 0. )
body605_long_axis = ( 0. )
body605_nut_prec_ra = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 3.10 0. 0. 0. )
body605_nut_prec_dec = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.35 0. 0. 0. )
body605_nut_prec_pm = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -3.08 0. 0. 0. )
Current values:
Data values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report. However
the kernel variable contents have changed due to removal of
the angle S7.
\begindata
BODY605_POLE_RA = ( 40.38 -0.036 0. )
BODY605_POLE_DEC = ( 83.55 -0.004 0. )
BODY605_PM = ( 235.16 79.6900478 0. )
BODY605_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY605_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 3.10 0. 0. )
BODY605_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.35 0. 0. )
BODY605_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -3.08 0. 0. )
\begintext
Titan
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
BODY606_POLE_RA = ( 36.41 -0.036 0. )
BODY606_POLE_DEC = ( 83.94 -0.004 0. )
BODY606_PM = ( 189.64 22.5769768 0. )
BODY606_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY606_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2.66 0. 0 )
BODY606_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.30 0. 0 )
BODY606_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -2.64 0. 0 )
Current values:
Note removal of dependence on the nutation precession
angles.
\begindata
BODY606_POLE_RA = ( 39.4827 0. 0. )
BODY606_POLE_DEC = ( 83.4279 0. 0. )
BODY606_PM = ( 186.5855 22.5769768 0. )
BODY606_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY606_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 )
BODY606_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 )
BODY606_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 )
\begintext
Hyperion
The IAU report does not give an orientation model for Hyperion.
Hyperion's rotation is in chaotic and is not predictable for
long periods.
Iapetus
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body608_pole_ra = ( 318.16 -3.949 0. )
body608_pole_dec = ( 75.03 -1.143 0. )
body608_pm = ( 350.20 4.5379572 0. )
body608_long_axis = ( 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY608_POLE_RA = ( 318.16 -3.949 0. )
BODY608_POLE_DEC = ( 75.03 -1.143 0. )
BODY608_PM = ( 355.2 4.5379572 0. )
BODY608_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Phoebe
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY609_POLE_RA = ( 356.90 0. 0. )
BODY609_POLE_DEC = ( 77.80 0. 0. )
BODY609_PM = ( 178.58 931.639 0. )
BODY609_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Janus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
Data values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report. However
the kernel variable contents have changed due to removal of
the angle S7.
\begindata
BODY610_POLE_RA = ( 40.58 -0.036 0. )
BODY610_POLE_DEC = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
BODY610_PM = ( 58.83 518.2359876 0. )
BODY610_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY610_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. -1.623 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.023 )
BODY610_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. -0.183 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.001 )
BODY610_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 1.613 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.023 )
\begintext
Epimetheus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
Data values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report. However
the kernel variable contents have changed due to removal of
the angle S7.
\begindata
BODY611_POLE_RA = ( 40.58 -0.036 0. )
BODY611_POLE_DEC = ( 83.52 -0.004 0. )
BODY611_PM = ( 293.87 518.4907239 0. )
BODY611_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY611_NUT_PREC_RA = ( -3.153 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.086 0. )
BODY611_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.356 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.005 0. )
BODY611_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 3.133 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.086 0. )
\begintext
Helene
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY612_POLE_RA = ( 40.85 -0.036 0. )
BODY612_POLE_DEC = ( 83.34 -0.004 0. )
BODY612_PM = ( 245.12 131.6174056 0. )
BODY612_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Telesto
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY613_POLE_RA = ( 50.51 -0.036 0. )
BODY613_POLE_DEC = ( 84.06 -0.004 0. )
BODY613_PM = ( 56.88 190.6979332 0. )
BODY613_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Calypso
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY614_POLE_RA = ( 36.41 -0.036 0. )
BODY614_POLE_DEC = ( 85.04 -0.004 0. )
BODY614_PM = ( 153.51 190.6742373 0. )
BODY614_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Atlas
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY615_POLE_RA = ( 40.58 -0.036 0. )
BODY615_POLE_DEC = ( 83.53 -0.004 0. )
BODY615_PM = ( 137.88 598.3060000 0. )
BODY615_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Prometheus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY616_POLE_RA = ( 40.58 -0.036 )
BODY616_POLE_DEC = ( 83.53 -0.004 )
BODY616_PM = ( 296.14 587.289000 )
BODY616_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Pandora
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY617_POLE_RA = ( 40.58 -0.036 0. )
BODY617_POLE_DEC = ( 83.53 -0.004 0. )
BODY617_PM = ( 162.92 572.7891000 0. )
BODY617_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Pan
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY618_POLE_RA = ( 40.6 -0.036 0. )
BODY618_POLE_DEC = ( 83.5 -0.004 0. )
BODY618_PM = ( 48.8 626.0440000 0. )
BODY618_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Satellites of Uranus
Ariel
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY701_POLE_RA = ( 257.43 0. 0. )
BODY701_POLE_DEC = ( -15.10 0. 0. )
BODY701_PM = ( 156.22 -142.8356681 0. )
BODY701_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY701_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.29 )
BODY701_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.28 )
BODY701_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.05 0.08 )
\begintext
Umbriel
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY702_POLE_RA = ( 257.43 0. 0. )
BODY702_POLE_DEC = ( -15.10 0. 0. )
BODY702_PM = ( 108.05 -86.8688923 0. )
BODY702_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY702_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.21 )
BODY702_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.20 )
BODY702_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.09 0. 0.06 )
\begintext
Titania
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY703_POLE_RA = ( 257.43 0. 0. )
BODY703_POLE_DEC = ( -15.10 0. 0. )
BODY703_PM = ( 77.74 -41.3514316 0. )
BODY703_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY703_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.29 )
BODY703_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.28 )
BODY703_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.08 )
\begintext
Oberon
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY704_POLE_RA = ( 257.43 0. 0. )
BODY704_POLE_DEC = ( -15.10 0. 0. )
BODY704_PM = ( 6.77 -26.7394932 0. )
BODY704_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY704_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.16 )
BODY704_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.16 )
BODY704_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.04 )
\begintext
Miranda
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY705_POLE_RA = ( 257.43 0. 0. )
BODY705_POLE_DEC = ( -15.08 0. 0. )
BODY705_PM = ( 30.70 -254.6906892 0. )
BODY705_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY705_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
4.41 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.04 0. )
BODY705_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
4.25 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.02 0. )
BODY705_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
1.15 -1.27 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.09 0.15 )
\begintext
Cordelia
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY706_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY706_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY706_PM = ( 127.69 -1074.5205730 0. )
BODY706_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY706_NUT_PREC_RA = ( -0.15 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY706_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0.14 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY706_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.04 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Ophelia
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY707_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY707_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY707_PM = ( 130.35 -956.4068150 0. )
BODY707_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY707_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. -0.09 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY707_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0.09 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY707_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. -0.03 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Bianca
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY708_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY708_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY708_PM = ( 105.46 -828.3914760 0. )
BODY708_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY708_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. -0.16 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY708_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0.16 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY708_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. -0.04 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Cressida
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY709_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY709_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY709_PM = ( 59.16 -776.5816320 0. )
BODY709_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY709_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. -0.04 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY709_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0.04 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY709_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. -0.01 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Desdemona
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY710_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY710_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY710_PM = ( 95.08 -760.0531690 0. )
BODY710_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY710_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.17
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY710_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.16
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY710_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. -0.04
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Juliet
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY711_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY711_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY711_PM = ( 302.56 -730.1253660 0. )
BODY711_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY711_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
-0.06 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY711_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0.06 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY711_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
-0.02 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Portia
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY712_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY712_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY712_PM = ( 25.03 -701.4865870 0. )
BODY712_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY712_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.09 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY712_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0.09 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY712_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.02 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Rosalind
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY713_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY713_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY713_PM = ( 314.90 -644.6311260 0. )
BODY713_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY713_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. -0.29 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY713_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0.28 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY713_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. -0.08 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Belinda
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY714_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY714_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY714_PM = ( 297.46 -577.3628170 0. )
BODY714_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY714_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. -0.03 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY714_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.03 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY714_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. -0.01 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Puck
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY715_POLE_RA = ( 257.31 0. 0. )
BODY715_POLE_DEC = ( -15.18 0. 0. )
BODY715_PM = ( 91.24 -472.5450690 0. )
BODY715_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY715_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. -0.33
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY715_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.31
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
BODY715_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. -0.09
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )
\begintext
Satellites of Neptune
Triton
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY801_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY801_POLE_DEC = ( 41.17 0. 0. )
BODY801_PM = ( 296.53 -61.2572637 0. )
BODY801_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY801_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. -32.35
0. -6.28 -2.08 -0.74
-0.28 -0.11 -0.07 -0.02
-0.01 )
BODY801_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 22.55
0. 2.10 0.55 0.16
0.05 0.02 0.01 0.
0. )
BODY801_NUT_PREC_PM = ( 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 22.25
0. 6.73 2.05 0.74
0.28 0.11 0.05 0.02
0.01 )
\begintext
Nereid
Old values:
Values are from the 1988 IAU report [10]. Note that this
rotation model pre-dated the 1989 Voyager 2 Neptune
encounter.
body802_pole_ra = ( 273.48 0. 0. )
body802_pole_dec = ( 67.22 0. 0. )
body802_pm = ( 237.22 0.9996465 0. )
body802_long_axis = ( 0. )
The report seems to have a typo: in the nut_prec_ra expression,
where the report gives -0.51 sin 3N3, we use -0.51 3N2.
body802_nut_prec_ra = ( 0. -17.81
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0.
2.56 -0.51 0.11 -0.03 )
body802_nut_prec_dec = ( 0. -6.67
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0.
0.47 -0.07 0.01 )
body802_nut_prec_pm = ( 0. 16.48
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0.
-2.57 0.51 -0.11 0.02 )
Current values:
The 2009 report [1] states that values for Nereid are not
given because Nereid is not in synchronous rotation with Neptune
(notes following table 2).
Naiad
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY803_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY803_POLE_DEC = ( 43.36 0. 0. )
BODY803_PM = ( 254.06 +1222.8441209 0. )
BODY803_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY803_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 -6.49 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0.25 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY803_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 -4.75 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0.09 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY803_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.48 4.40 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
-0.27 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
\begintext
Thalassa
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY804_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY804_POLE_DEC = ( 43.45 0. 0. )
BODY804_PM = ( 102.06 1155.7555612 0. )
BODY804_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY804_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 0. -0.28 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY804_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 0. -0.21 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY804_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.48 0. 0.19 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
\begintext
Despina
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY805_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY805_POLE_DEC = ( 43.45 0. 0. )
BODY805_PM = ( 306.51 +1075.7341562 0. )
BODY805_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY805_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 0. 0. -0.09
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY805_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 0. 0. -0.07
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY805_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.49 0. 0. 0.06
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
\begintext
Galatea
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY806_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY806_POLE_DEC = ( 43.43 0. 0. )
BODY806_PM = ( 258.09 839.6597686 0. )
BODY806_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY806_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 0. 0. 0.
-0.07 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY806_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 0. 0. 0.
-0.05 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY806_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.48 0. 0. 0.
0.05 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
\begintext
Larissa
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY807_POLE_RA = ( 299.36 0. 0. )
BODY807_POLE_DEC = ( 43.41 0. 0. )
BODY807_PM = ( 179.41 +649.0534470 0. )
BODY807_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY807_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.27 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY807_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.20 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY807_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.48 0. 0. 0.
0. 0.19 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
\begintext
Proteus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY808_POLE_RA = ( 299.27 0. 0. )
BODY808_POLE_DEC = ( 42.91 0. 0. )
BODY808_PM = ( 93.38 +320.7654228 0. )
BODY808_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
BODY808_NUT_PREC_RA = ( 0.70 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. -0.05 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY808_NUT_PREC_DEC = ( -0.51 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. -0.04 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
BODY808_NUT_PREC_PM = ( -0.48 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0.04 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. )
\begintext
Satellites of Pluto
Charon
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body901_pole_ra = ( 312.993 0. 0. )
body901_pole_dec = ( 6.163 0. 0. )
body901_pm = ( 57.305 -56.3625225 0. )
body901_long_axis = ( 0. )
Current values:
Due to the new definition of planetocentric coordinates
for small bodies, and to the reclassification of Pluto
as a dwarf planet, Charon's north pole direction has been
inverted.
The PM constant W0 is from [2].
\begindata
BODY901_POLE_RA = ( 132.993 0. 0. )
BODY901_POLE_DEC = ( -6.163 0. 0. )
BODY901_PM = ( 122.695 56.3625225 0. )
BODY901_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Orientation constants for Selected Comets and Asteroids
--------------------------------------------------------
Ceres
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000001_POLE_RA = ( 291. 0. 0. )
BODY2000001_POLE_DEC = ( 59. 0. 0. )
BODY2000001_PM = ( 170.90 952.1532 0. )
BODY2000001_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Pallas
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000002_POLE_RA = ( 33. 0. 0. )
BODY2000002_POLE_DEC = ( -3. 0. 0. )
BODY2000002_PM = ( 38. 1105.8036 0. )
BODY2000002_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Vesta
Old values:
Values are from the 2009 IAU report.
body2000004_pole_ra = ( 301. 0. 0. )
body2000004_pole_dec = ( 41. 0. 0. )
body2000004_pm = ( 292. 1617.332776 0. )
body2000004_long_axis = ( 0. )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000004_POLE_RA = ( 305.8 0. 0. )
BODY2000004_POLE_DEC = ( 41.4 0. 0. )
BODY2000004_PM = ( 292. 1617.332776 0. )
BODY2000004_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Lutetia
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000021_POLE_RA = ( 52. 0. 0. )
BODY2000021_POLE_DEC = ( 12. 0. 0. )
BODY2000021_PM = ( 94. 1057.7515 0. )
BODY2000021_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Ida
Old values:
BODY2431010_POLE_RA = ( 168.76 0. 0. )
BODY2431010_POLE_DEC = ( -2.88 0. 0. )
BODY2431010_PM = ( 265.95 +1864.6280070 0. )
BODY2431010_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
Current values:
The PM constant W0 is from [2].
\begindata
BODY2431010_POLE_RA = ( 168.76 0. 0. )
BODY2431010_POLE_DEC = ( -2.88 0. 0. )
BODY2431010_PM = ( 274.05 +1864.6280070 0. )
BODY2431010_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Eros
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000433_POLE_RA = ( 11.35 0. 0. )
BODY2000433_POLE_DEC = ( 17.22 0. 0. )
BODY2000433_PM = ( 326.07 1639.38864745 0. )
BODY2000433_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Davida
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000511_POLE_RA = ( 297. 0. 0. )
BODY2000511_POLE_DEC = ( 5. 0. 0. )
BODY2000511_PM = ( 268.1 1684.4193549 0. )
BODY2000511_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Gaspra
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY9511010_POLE_RA = ( 9.47 0. 0. )
BODY9511010_POLE_DEC = ( 26.70 0. 0. )
BODY9511010_PM = ( 83.67 1226.9114850 0. )
BODY9511010_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Steins
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2002867_POLE_RA = ( 90. 0. 0. )
BODY2002867_POLE_DEC = ( -62. 0. 0. )
BODY2002867_PM = ( 93.94 1428.852332 0. )
BODY2002867_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Itokawa
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2025143_POLE_RA = ( 90.53 0. 0. )
BODY2025143_POLE_DEC = ( -66.30 0. 0. )
BODY2025143_PM = ( 000.0 712.143 0. )
BODY2025143_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
9P/Tempel 1
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY1000093_POLE_RA = ( 294. 0. 0. )
BODY1000093_POLE_DEC = ( 73. 0. 0. )
BODY1000093_PM = ( 252.63 212.064 0. )
BODY1000093_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
19P/Borrelly
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY1000005_POLE_RA = ( 218.5 0. 0. )
BODY1000005_POLE_DEC = ( -12.5 0. 0. )
BODY1000005_PM = ( 000. 390.0 0. )
BODY1000005_LONG_AXIS = ( 0. )
\begintext
Radii of Sun and Planets
--------------------------------------------------------
Sun
\begindata
BODY10_RADII = ( 696000. 696000. 696000. )
\begintext
Mercury
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY199_RADII = ( 2439.7 2439.7 2439.7 )
\begintext
Venus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY299_RADII = ( 6051.8 6051.8 6051.8 )
\begintext
Earth
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body399_radii = ( 6378.14 6378.14 6356.75 )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY399_RADII = ( 6378.1366 6378.1366 6356.7519 )
\begintext
Mars
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body499_radii = ( 3397. 3397. 3375. )
Current values:
The 2009 IAU report gives separate values for the north and
south polar radii:
north: 3373.19
south: 3379.21
The report provides the average of these values as well,
which we use as the polar radius for the triaxial model.
\begindata
BODY499_RADII = ( 3396.19 3396.19 3376.20 )
\begintext
Jupiter
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY599_RADII = ( 71492 71492 66854 )
\begintext
Saturn
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY699_RADII = ( 60268 60268 54364 )
\begintext
Uranus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY799_RADII = ( 25559 25559 24973 )
\begintext
Neptune
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
(Values are for the 1 bar pressure level.)
\begindata
BODY899_RADII = ( 24764 24764 24341 )
\begintext
Radii of the Dwarf Planet Pluto
--------------------------------------------------------
Pluto
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY999_RADII = ( 1195 1195 1195 )
\begintext
Radii of Satellites
--------------------------------------------------------
Moon
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY301_RADII = ( 1737.4 1737.4 1737.4 )
\begintext
Satellites of Mars
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body401_radii = ( 13.4 11.2 9.2 )
body402_radii = ( 7.5 6.1 5.2 )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY401_RADII = ( 13.0 11.4 9.1 )
BODY402_RADII = ( 7.8 6.0 5.1 )
\begintext
Satellites of Jupiter
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report,
except for those of Europa, Ganymede, Callisto,
and Metis. For Metis, now all three radii are
provided.
body502_radii = ( 1564.13 1561.23 1560.93 )
body503_radii = ( 2632.4 2632.29 2632.35 )
body504_radii = ( 2409.4 2409.2 2409.3 )
The value for the second radius for body 516 is not given in
2003 IAU report. The values given are:
body516_radii = ( 30 --- 20 )
For use within the SPICE system, we use only the mean radius.
body516_radii = ( 21.5 21.5 21.5 )
Current values:
Note that for Ganymede and Callisto only mean radii
are provided.
\begindata
BODY501_RADII = ( 1829.4 1819.4 1815.7 )
BODY502_RADII = ( 1562.6 1560.3 1559.5 )
BODY503_RADII = ( 2631.2 2631.2 2631.2 )
BODY504_RADII = ( 2410.3 2410.3 2410.3 )
BODY505_RADII = ( 125 73 64 )
\begintext
Only mean radii are available in the 2003 IAU report for bodies
506-513.
\begindata
BODY506_RADII = ( 85 85 85 )
BODY507_RADII = ( 40 40 40 )
BODY508_RADII = ( 18 18 18 )
BODY509_RADII = ( 14 14 14 )
BODY510_RADII = ( 12 12 12 )
BODY511_RADII = ( 15 15 15 )
BODY512_RADII = ( 10 10 10 )
BODY513_RADII = ( 5 5 5 )
BODY514_RADII = ( 58 49 42 )
BODY515_RADII = ( 10 8 7 )
BODY516_RADII = ( 30 20 17 )
\begintext
Satellites of Saturn
Old values:
Values are from the 2006 IAU report.
body601_radii = ( 207.4 196.8 190.6 )
body602_radii = ( 256.6 251.4 248.3 )
body603_radii = ( 540.4 531.1 527.5 )
body604_radii = ( 563.8 561.0 560.3 )
body605_radii = ( 767.2 762.5 763.1 )
body606_radii = ( 2575 2575 2575 )
body607_radii = ( 164 130 107 )
body608_radii = ( 747.4 747.4 712.4 )
body609_radii = ( 108.6 107.7 101.5 )
body610_radii = ( 97.0 95.0 77.0 )
body611_radii = ( 69.0 55.0 55.0 )
Only the first equatorial radius for Helene (body 612) is given in the
2006 IAU report:
body612_radii = ( 17.5 --- --- )
The mean radius is 16km; we use this radius for all three axes, as
we do for the satellites for which only the mean radius is available.
body612_radii = ( 17.5 17.5 17.5 )
body613_radii = ( 15 12.5 7.5 )
body614_radii = ( 15.0 8.0 8.0 )
body615_radii = ( 18.5 17.2 13.5 )
body616_radii = ( 74.0 50.0 34.0 )
body617_radii = ( 55.0 44.0 31.0 )
For Pan, only a mean radius is given in the 2006 report.
body618_radii = ( 10 10 10 )
Current values:
\begindata
BODY601_RADII = ( 207.8 196.7 190.6 )
BODY602_RADII = ( 256.6 251.4 248.3 )
BODY603_RADII = ( 538.4 528.3 526.3 )
BODY604_RADII = ( 563.4 561.3 559.6 )
BODY605_RADII = ( 765.0 763.1 762.4 )
BODY606_RADII = ( 2575.15 2574.78 2574.47 )
BODY607_RADII = ( 180.1 133.0 102.7 )
BODY608_RADII = ( 745.7 745.7 712.1 )
BODY609_RADII = ( 109.4 108.5 101.8 )
BODY610_RADII = ( 101.5 92.5 76.3 )
BODY611_RADII = ( 64.9 57.0 53.1 )
BODY612_RADII = ( 21.7 19.1 13.0 )
BODY613_RADII = ( 16.3 11.8 10.0 )
BODY614_RADII = ( 15.1 11.5 7.0 )
BODY615_RADII = ( 20.4 17.7 9.4 )
BODY616_RADII = ( 67.8 39.7 29.7 )
BODY617_RADII = ( 52.0 40.5 32.0 )
BODY618_RADII = ( 17.2 15.7 10.4 )
BODY632_RADII = ( 1.6 1.6 1.6 )
BODY633_RADII = ( 2.9 2.8 2.0 )
BODY634_RADII = ( 1.5 1.2 1.0 )
BODY635_RADII = ( 4.3 4.1 3.2 )
BODY649_RADII = ( 1 1 1 )
\begintext
Satellites of Uranus
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY701_RADII = ( 581.1 577.9 577.7 )
BODY702_RADII = ( 584.7 584.7 584.7 )
BODY703_RADII = ( 788.9 788.9 788.9 )
BODY704_RADII = ( 761.4 761.4 761.4 )
BODY705_RADII = ( 240.4 234.2 232.9 )
\begintext
The 2000 report gives only mean radii for satellites 706--715.
\begindata
BODY706_RADII = ( 13 13 13 )
BODY707_RADII = ( 15 15 15 )
BODY708_RADII = ( 21 21 21 )
BODY709_RADII = ( 31 31 31 )
BODY710_RADII = ( 27 27 27 )
BODY711_RADII = ( 42 42 42 )
BODY712_RADII = ( 54 54 54 )
BODY713_RADII = ( 27 27 27 )
BODY714_RADII = ( 33 33 33 )
BODY715_RADII = ( 77 77 77 )
\begintext
Satellites of Neptune
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
The 2009 report gives mean radii only for bodies 801-806.
\begindata
BODY801_RADII = ( 1352.6 1352.6 1352.6 )
BODY802_RADII = ( 170 170 170 )
BODY803_RADII = ( 29 29 29 )
BODY804_RADII = ( 40 40 40 )
BODY805_RADII = ( 74 74 74 )
BODY806_RADII = ( 79 79 79 )
\begintext
The second equatorial radius for Larissa is not given in the 2009
report. The available values are:
BODY807_RADII = ( 104 --- 89 )
For use within the SPICE system, we use only the mean radius.
\begindata
BODY807_RADII = ( 96 96 96 )
BODY808_RADII = ( 218 208 201 )
\begintext
Satellites of Pluto
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY901_RADII = ( 605 605 605 )
\begintext
Radii for Selected Comets and Asteroids
--------------------------------------------------------
Ceres
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000001_RADII = ( 487.3 487.3 454.7 )
\begintext
Vesta
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000004_RADII = ( 289. 280. 229. )
\begintext
Lutetia
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000021_RADII = ( 62.0 50.5 46.5 )
\begintext
Ida
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2431010_RADII = ( 26.8 12.0 7.6 )
\begintext
Mathilde
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000253_RADII = ( 33. 24. 23. )
\begintext
Eros
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000433_RADII = ( 17.0 5.5 5.5 )
\begintext
Davida
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2000511_RADII = ( 180. 147. 127. )
\begintext
Gaspra
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY9511010_RADII = ( 9.1 5.2 4.4 )
\begintext
Steins
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2002867_RADII = ( 3.24 2.73 2.04 )
\begintext
Toutatis
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2004179_RADII = ( 2.13 1.015 0.85 )
\begintext
Itokawa
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY2025143_RADII = ( 0.535 0.294 0.209 )
\begintext
Kleopatra
Old values:
Values are from the 2003 report.
body2000216_radii = ( 108.5 47 40.5 )
Current values:
No values are provided in the 2009 report.
Halley
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY1000036_RADII = ( 8.0 4.0 4.0 )
\begintext
9P/Tempel 1
Old values:
The effective radius is unchanged in the 2009 IAU report.
Current values:
The value in the data assignment below is the
"effective radius."
According to [1]:
The maximum and minimum radii are not properly
the values of the principal semi-axes, they
are half the maximum and minimum values of the
diameter. Due to the large deviations from a
simple ellipsoid, they may not correspond with
measurements along the principal axes, or be
orthogonal to each other.
\begindata
BODY1000093_RADII = ( 3.0 3.0 3.0 )
\begintext
19P/Borrelly
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 report.
Current values:
The value in the data assignment below is the
"effective radius."
The first principal axis length is
3.5 km
The lengths of the other semi-axes are not provided
by [1].
\begindata
BODY1000005_RADII = ( 4.22 4.22 4.22 )
\begintext
81P/Wild 2
Old values:
Values are unchanged in the 2009 report.
Current values:
\begindata
BODY1000107_RADII = ( 2.7 1.9 1.5 )
\begintext
===========================================================================
End of file pck00010.tpc
===========================================================================
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