rustnet/PROFILING.md

RustNet Performance Profiling Guide

This guide explains how to profile RustNet to identify performance bottlenecks.

Quick Start

CPU Profiling with perf + flamegraph

The easiest way to profile CPU usage on Linux:

# 1. Install flamegraph tools
cargo install flamegraph

# 2. Build a release binary with debug symbols
# IMPORTANT: Debug symbols are required for meaningful flamegraphs!
CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_DEBUG=true cargo build --release

# Or add this to Cargo.toml temporarily:
# [profile.release]
# debug = true

# 3. Run with profiling (requires sudo for perf)
# Note: Use full path to flamegraph since sudo doesn't have your user's PATH
# IMPORTANT: Use -- before the command to profile
sudo -E ~/.cargo/bin/flamegraph -- ./target/release/rustnet

# Or specify interface and other args after the binary
sudo -E ~/.cargo/bin/flamegraph -- ./target/release/rustnet -i eth0

# Alternatively, preserve PATH for cleaner commands:
sudo env "PATH=$PATH" flamegraph -- ./target/release/rustnet

# 4. Open the generated flamegraph.svg in a browser
firefox flamegraph.svg

Alternative: Using perf directly

If you prefer to use perf directly:

# Build with debug symbols
cargo build --release

# Record performance data (run for 30-60 seconds, then Ctrl+C to stop)
sudo perf record -F 99 -g ./target/release/rustnet -i eth0

# Generate flamegraph (requires FlameGraph scripts)
# Install from: https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph
perf script | stackcollapse-perf.pl | flamegraph.pl > flamegraph.svg

# Or view in perf's TUI
sudo perf report

Profiling a Running Instance

If RustNet is already running:

# Find the PID
ps aux | grep rustnet

# Profile the running process for 60 seconds
sudo -E ~/.cargo/bin/flamegraph -p <PID> --output rustnet-live.svg

# Or with perf directly
sudo perf record -F 99 -g -p <PID> sleep 60
sudo perf report

Interpreting Flamegraphs

Look for:

• Wide bars at the bottom: Functions that consume a lot of total CPU time
• Tall stacks: Deep call chains (potential optimization targets)
• Hot spots: Functions with many samples (bright colors in some viewers)

Common hot spots:

• packet_parser::parse_packet: Normal - this is the core packet processing
• DashMap::iter or iter_mut: If this is a large portion, consider reducing iteration frequency
• clone: If excessive, reduce unnecessary cloning
• System calls (read, write, ioctl): Filesystem or network I/O overhead

Benchmarking

For consistent benchmarks:

# Run with consistent traffic
sudo ./target/release/rustnet --interface eth0 &
PID=$!

# Monitor CPU usage
top -p $PID

# Or use perf stat for detailed metrics
sudo perf stat -p $PID sleep 60

# Stop the application
sudo kill $PID

Performance Regression Testing

After making changes, compare before/after:

# Baseline (before changes)
sudo perf stat -r 3 timeout 60s ./target/release/rustnet-before > /dev/null

# After changes
sudo perf stat -r 3 timeout 60s ./target/release/rustnet > /dev/null

Key metrics to compare:

• CPU cycles
• Instructions per cycle (IPC)
• Cache misses
• Context switches

Troubleshooting Flamegraphs

Empty or Single-Entry Flamegraph

If your flamegraph only shows "rustnet (100%)" with no details:

Problem: Debug symbols are missing from the release build.

Solution:

# Rebuild with debug symbols
CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_DEBUG=true cargo build --release

# Or add to Cargo.toml:
[profile.release]
debug = true

# Then re-profile
sudo -E ~/.cargo/bin/flamegraph -- ./target/release/rustnet

Flamegraph Shows Only Kernel Functions

Problem: Running with insufficient permissions or perf can't access user-space symbols.

Solution:

# Check perf_event_paranoid setting
cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid

# If it's > 1, temporarily lower it (requires root):
sudo sysctl kernel.perf_event_paranoid=1

# Or run as root
sudo -E ~/.cargo/bin/flamegraph -- ./target/release/rustnet

Very Short Flamegraph (< 1000 samples)

Problem: Profiling session too short, not enough data collected.

Solution:

# Let rustnet run for at least 30-60 seconds before stopping
# The more network traffic, the better the profile

# For longer profiling:
timeout 60 sudo -E ~/.cargo/bin/flamegraph -- ./target/release/rustnet

Debugging Slow TUI

If the TUI feels sluggish:

1. Check refresh rate: Default is 1000ms, can be adjusted with --refresh-interval
2. Check connection count: High connection counts increase sorting overhead
3. Profile the UI loop: Look for hot spots in run_ui_loop, draw, or sort_connections
4. Monitor thread contention: Check if packet processing threads are blocking the snapshot provider