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Add dedicated documentation on how to model data and relations with SQLite and TrailBase.
This commit is contained in:
Sebastian Jeltsch
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docs/src/content/docs/documentation/_relations.svg
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 38 KiB |
238
docs/src/content/docs/documentation/models_and_relations.mdx
Normal file
238
docs/src/content/docs/documentation/models_and_relations.mdx
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: Models & Relations
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
import { Image } from "astro:assets";
|
||||
import { Aside } from "@astrojs/starlight/components";
|
||||
|
||||
import foo from "./_relations.svg"
|
||||
|
||||
## Modeling Data
|
||||
|
||||
TrailBase gives you full, untethered access to SQLite, as such data is modeled
|
||||
on top of ISO SQL and SQLite concepts.
|
||||
This means that all data is organized as rows or records within columns of a
|
||||
table as defined by the table schema.
|
||||
Relationships between records are expressed by simply referencing other records
|
||||
via their primary key. Relationships commonly cross table boundaries.
|
||||
Data can then be *joined* together within the same database at query time.
|
||||
If you're new to SQL and this sounds abstract, don't worry it will become clear
|
||||
very soon.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the main benefits of SQL databases is that you can define your models
|
||||
based on intrinsic properties of the underlying data and their relations,
|
||||
rather than having to worry about how the data is or will be used in the future.
|
||||
Instead, SQL *queries* let you flexibly define what data is being accessed, how
|
||||
it's transformed and what's returned.
|
||||
*How* data is accessed is never explicitly defined and is derived by the
|
||||
[*query optimizer*](https://sqlite.org/optoverview.html).
|
||||
This means, if you discover new use-cases in your data that require combining
|
||||
data in ways that would be slow, you can optimize it after the fact by adding
|
||||
ore removing indexes typically without ever having to touch the models, the
|
||||
queries, or the downstream code consuming the data 🎉.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tables, Schemas & Data Types
|
||||
|
||||
When creating a new table to hold your data, you define a table schema telling
|
||||
the database what columns there are, what kind of data they contain, and if
|
||||
there are any constraints on your data. For example[^1],
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
|
||||
CREATE TABLE post (
|
||||
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
|
||||
created INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (UNIXEPOCH()),
|
||||
author INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES _user ON DELETE CASCADE,
|
||||
|
||||
title TEXT NOT NULL,
|
||||
body TEXT NOT NULL
|
||||
);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This creates a table to hold posts in a blog storing an integer creation
|
||||
timestamp, the author, the title and lastly the contents.
|
||||
We also set it up such that an author deleting their account, will delete their
|
||||
posts as well through cascading deletions.
|
||||
|
||||
Coming from other SQL databases, it may come as a surprise that despite the
|
||||
data types above SQLite isn't strictly typed by default, e.g. the `title`
|
||||
column above may hold values other than `TEXT`.
|
||||
SQLite interprets types merely as *affinities* to judge how literals should be
|
||||
interpreted on insert or or update but will happily accept incompatible values.
|
||||
While "flexible", this has far reaching consequences on downstream code
|
||||
interpreting or transforming data, now having to explicitly deal with
|
||||
unexpected data types.
|
||||
Thus, we strongly encourage working with `STRICT` table schemas whenever
|
||||
possible.
|
||||
In fact, TrailBase APIs are type-safe and thus require the underlying tables to
|
||||
be `STRICT`, i.e.:
|
||||
|
||||
```sql {4}
|
||||
CREATE TABLE post (
|
||||
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
|
||||
-- ...
|
||||
) STRICT;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
At the fundamental storage-level SQLite supports the following data types:
|
||||
`NULL`, `INTEGER`, `REAL`, `TEXT`, `BLOB`, which all type affinities boil down
|
||||
to.
|
||||
For example, columns with `JSON` or `JSONB` type affinities are stored as
|
||||
`TEXT` or `BLOB`, respectively[^2].
|
||||
|
||||
When defining `STRICT` tables there's no affinity, limiting you to SQLite's
|
||||
fundamental types.
|
||||
However, TrailBase provides you with some extensions to enforce strict schema
|
||||
compatibility on a sub-column-level, e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
```sql {3-4}
|
||||
CREATE TABLE my_table (
|
||||
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
|
||||
any_json TEXT CHECK(is_json(any_json)),
|
||||
my_json TEXT CHECK(jsonschema('MyRegisteredJsonSchema', my_json))
|
||||
) STRICT;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Constraints
|
||||
|
||||
Using TrailBase you can make use of any of SQLite's column and table
|
||||
constraints. We've already encountered some of the former, e.g. `NOT NULL`,
|
||||
`REFERENCES` or `CHECK`, which all *constrain* the values a column may
|
||||
contain.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, one can define more complex table constraints constraining tuples of
|
||||
values, e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
```sql {5}
|
||||
CREATE TABLE fully_qualifed_ids (
|
||||
prefix TEXT NOT NULL,
|
||||
suffix TEXT NOT NULL,
|
||||
|
||||
UNIQUE (prefix, suffix)
|
||||
) STRICT;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of constraints, check out the
|
||||
[SQLite manual](https://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html).
|
||||
|
||||
### Generated Columns
|
||||
|
||||
SQLite's generated columns allow you to either materialized derived columns at
|
||||
modification-time or compute values for virtual columns on the fly. Check out
|
||||
[SQLite manual](https://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html) for comprehensive
|
||||
information.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Relations
|
||||
|
||||
SQL typically distinguishes between three types of relations:
|
||||
|
||||
* 1:1 relations, e.g. each user has exactly one profile.
|
||||
* 1:M or one-to-many relations, e.g. posts may have many comments but each
|
||||
comment belongs to exactly one post.
|
||||
* N:M or many-to-many relations, e.g. shoppers' wishlists can contain many
|
||||
items, and each item can be in many wishlists.
|
||||
|
||||
In practice, **all relations are simply edges, i.e. tuples of the shape
|
||||
`(parent id, child id)`**.
|
||||
There's some freedom as to where these edges are stored. In case of 1:1 and 1:M
|
||||
relations they can be denormalized into the child record effectively becoming
|
||||
`(primary key, foreign key)`.
|
||||
Alternatively, edges can always be stored in a separate "bridge" table as
|
||||
`(foreign key, foreign key)` edge records.
|
||||
In case of N:M relations, this is even necessary to achieve the required
|
||||
cardinality.
|
||||
This is not a limitation of TrailBase but rather common SQL practice.
|
||||
Linking children to their parents individually[^2] via foreign keys exposes
|
||||
their relationships to the database allowing `ON DELETE` and `ON UPDATE`
|
||||
actions to propagate.
|
||||
For example, a user deletion may trigger related data to be deleted
|
||||
automatically.
|
||||
|
||||
<Aside type="note" title="PocketBase">
|
||||
If you're coming from PocketBase, 1:M and N:M relations are modeled as
|
||||
denormalized lists of primary keys in JSON format.
|
||||
While this *adjacency list* approach may feel more intuitive, it is opaque to
|
||||
SQLite and thus breaking built-in foreign key support.
|
||||
</Aside>
|
||||
|
||||
Let's look at the following *blog* example,
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="flex justify-center">
|
||||
<div class="max-w-[420px]">
|
||||
<Image src={foo} alt="Blog relationship example" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Each block represents a able schema. We can see:
|
||||
* a 1:1 relation between users and user profiles,
|
||||
* a 1:M relationship between posts and users,
|
||||
* and an N:M relationship between posts and tags using the `post_tag` bridge table.
|
||||
|
||||
We could have implemented the 1:1 user-profile and 1:M user-post relationships
|
||||
via separate bridge tables with appropriate uniqueness constraints, however
|
||||
pulling the parent key into the child records leads to less indirection.
|
||||
|
||||
In order to combine related data we can simply join on the keys. For example to
|
||||
get a list of all users with profiles:
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
|
||||
SELECT * FROM _user AS U
|
||||
JOIN profile AS P ON U.id = P.user;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To connect posts and tags we have to do two joins across the `post_tag` bridge
|
||||
table:
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
|
||||
SELECT * FROM post AS P
|
||||
LEFT JOIN post_tag AS PT ON P.id = PT.post
|
||||
LEFT JOIN tag AS T ON T.ID = PT.tag;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Record APIs
|
||||
|
||||
There's an elephant in the room: while this is all pretty standard fair, at
|
||||
least in SQL land, connecting relations across TrailBase's record APIs without
|
||||
joins is a lot more painful.
|
||||
For N:M relations, one would have to expose 3 different APIs including the
|
||||
bridge table, manage their ACLs and then traverse the edges manually on the
|
||||
client side.
|
||||
|
||||
This is an area where we're actively exploring how to expand API capabilities,
|
||||
however the most general approach is to push more responsibility to the
|
||||
server.
|
||||
Concretely, we can expose a single API tailored for a specific client use-case
|
||||
implementing the join on the server using `VIEW`s:
|
||||
|
||||
```sql
|
||||
CREATE VIEW post_tag_view AS SELECT * FROM post AS P
|
||||
LEFT JOIN post_tag AS PT ON P.id = PT.post
|
||||
LEFT JOIN tag AS T ON T.ID = PT.tag;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
More generally, views can be useful to decouple an API from the underlying data
|
||||
model.
|
||||
For example, you may want to restructure your data model or APIs while keeping
|
||||
the other stable.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, custom JS/TS handlers can provide a more free-form approach to
|
||||
push joining edges and other responsibilities to the server.
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="h-[50px]" />
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]:
|
||||
This is not meant as full SQL tutorial. We'll keep it simple so hopefully
|
||||
it is clear from context what any statement intends to do.
|
||||
Note further that SQL keywords are case-insensitive. We'll use all-caps to
|
||||
highlight them.
|
||||
|
||||
[^2]:
|
||||
This also means than one can use SQLite's builtin JSON operators on any
|
||||
TEXT column as long as it parses as JSON.
|
||||
|
||||
[^3]:
|
||||
Even feature rich SQL databases like Postgres
|
||||
[do not support foreign key arrays](https://commitfest.postgresql.org/17/1252/)
|
||||
natively and rely on separate relationship tables.
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user